{"id":4617,"date":"2019-09-02T11:05:31","date_gmt":"2019-09-02T03:05:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ixyzero.com\/blog\/?p=4617"},"modified":"2019-09-02T11:05:31","modified_gmt":"2019-09-02T03:05:31","slug":"read%e6%96%af%e5%9d%a6%e7%a6%8f%e6%9e%81%e7%ae%80%e7%bb%8f%e6%b5%8e%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ixyzero.com\/blog\/archives\/4617.html","title":{"rendered":"[read]\u65af\u5766\u798f\u6781\u7b80\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>=Start=<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" 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has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u4e2a\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\uff1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u6295\u8d44\u6807\u7684\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u8861\u91cf\u56db\u4e2a\u8981\u9879\uff1a\u62a5\u916c\u7387\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u7a0e\u8d1f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>09&nbsp;<strong>\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5bf9\u52e4\u52b3\u8005\u8bfe\u7a0e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u5230\u5784\u65ad\uff1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u514b\u65af\u7235\u58eb\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u5927\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10 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has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\uff1a\u987a\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u9020\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u5f81\u7a0e\u6765\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>15 \u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u5728\u63f4\u52a9\u4e0e\u6fc0\u52b1\u4e4b\u95f4\u62d4\u6cb3<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u8d2b\u7a77\u4e0e\u798f\u5229\u8ba1\u5212\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4fdd\u969c\u7f51\u4e0d\u5e94\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u8d77\u8eab\u7684\u540a\u5e8a\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u80fd\u7f13\u51b2\u4f60\u6389\u843d\u4e0b\u6765\u65f6\u7684\u529b\u9053\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u4f60\u518d\u5f39\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>16 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has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u5931\u4e1a\uff1a\u52b3\u52a8\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u4e1a\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>22 \u901a\u80c0\u7387\u8d70\u9ad8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u987a\u7545<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff1a\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u4f18\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8865\u8d34\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>23 \u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u601d\u662f\u501f\u94b1\u7ed9\u56fd\u5916<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d38\u6613\u5dee\u989d\uff1a\u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u4e0e\u9006\u5dee\uff0c\u8c08\u7684\u662f\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u6d41\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5411\u54ea\u8fb9\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">24&nbsp;<strong>\u77ed\u671f\u770b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u770b\u4f9b\u7ed9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u4e8e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>25 \u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u77ed\u671f\u73b0\u8c61<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u5931\u4e1a\u4e0e\u901a\u80c0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53d6\u820d\uff1a<strong>\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0e\u901a\u80c0\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>26 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has-vivid-red-color\">\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bba\u6218\uff1a<strong>\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u4ea7\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u95f4\u63a5\u8865\u8d34\uff0c\u7531\u56fd\u5185\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u7528\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u57cb\u5355\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>34 \u6c47\u7387\u5267\u70c8\u6ce2\u52a8\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9020\u6210\u5f88\u5927\u5e72\u6270<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u6c47\u7387\uff1a<strong>\u5229\u7528\u7a33\u5b9a\u6216\u7f13\u6162\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u6c47\u7387\uff0c\u53ef\u521b\u9020\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>35 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has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ffd\u5bfb\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u662f\u4ece\u4e2a\u4eba\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c55\u5f00\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5219\u662f\u63a2\u8ba8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/strong>\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u4f46\u8d34\u5207\u7684\u6bd4\u55bb\uff1a\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u770b\u68ee\u6797\uff0c\u800c\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5219\u50cf\u770b\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u6811\u6728\u3002\u5b66\u597d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8bc0\u7a8d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u68ee\u6797\u548c\u6811\u6728\u4e24\u8005\u80fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u524d18\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u5bf9\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6709\u6240\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u540e\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u4f1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5931\u4e1a\u3001\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5fae\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7bc7<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">01 \u4eba\u4eec\u5356\u5f04\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u53ea\u670950%\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u505a\u51fa\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u53ea\u7528\u5230\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u6211\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5356\u5f04\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u53ea\u670950%\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u61c2\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e38\u8bc6\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u70b9\u5934\u6216\u8038\u80a9\u3002\u8bda\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u743c\u00b7\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a\uff08Joan 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has-vivid-red-color\">\u6211\u4eec<strong>\u5148\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u59cb\uff1a<\/strong><br><strong>\u00b7\u793e\u4f1a\u5e94\u8be5\u751f\u4ea7\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><br><strong>\u00b7\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u4ea7\uff1f<\/strong><br><strong>\u00b7\u8c01\u6765\u6d88\u8d39\u6240\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6bcf\u79cd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e43\u81f3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd8\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u3001\u4e2d\u7b49\u6536\u5165\u6216\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e3a\u4e86\u50cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u822c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u52a1\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u8df3\u51fa\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e89\u3002<\/strong>\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u5e02\u573a\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6539\u5199\u66f4\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e94\u8be5\u4e25\u8083\u770b\u5f85\u201c\u6743\u8861\u53d6\u820d\u201d\uff08trade-offs\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d6\u820d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u8272\uff1a\u5b83\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u540c\u65f6\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e86\u5176\u5b83\u4eba\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u6216\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u91cc\u7684\u51e0\u5f20\u8138\u5b54\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u624b\u201d\uff08invisible hand\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ed9\u522b\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u597d\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u6240\u6709\u6210\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\uff08opportunity cost\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4f60\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u201d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u5df2\u7ecf\u82b1\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f60\u653e\u5f03\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7528\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u6765\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5c06\u5305\u542b\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u94b1\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u4ef7\u683c\u662f\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53d6\u820d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u6280\u80fd\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u534f\u8c03\u51b3\u5b9a\u751f\u4ea7\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u4ea7\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u8c01\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">02 \u505a\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u9002\u5408\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u5206\u5de5\u4f7f\u5de5\u4eba\u80fd\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u9002\u5408\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u53c8\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u80fd\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u5f53\u5730\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u53d6\u5f97\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u5408\u9002\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u5206\u5de5\u4f7f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff08economics of scale\uff09\u3002\u201c\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u662f\u4e2a\u4e13\u6709\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u5927\u5382\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u5382\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6210\u672c\u6765\u751f\u4ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u5730\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u751f\u4ea7\u6216\u50a8\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u4eba\u8981\u7528\u6216\u6ca1\u6709\u7279\u522b\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u7b54\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u751f\u4ea7\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u751f\u4ea7\uff1f\u8c01\u6765\u6d88\u8d39\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">03 \u5e02\u573a\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u77e5\u9053\u6bcf\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u77e5\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5bf9\u975e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u627f\u8f7d\uff08value-laden\uff09\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u94bb\u77f3\u4e0e\u6c34\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u201d\uff08diamond-water paradox\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u51fa\u81ea\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u59cb\u7956\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u5bcc\u8bba\u300b\u91cc\u533a\u522b\u4e86\u201c\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff08value in exchange\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff08value in use\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u65f6\uff0c\u8c08\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u5462\uff1f\u5f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8c08\u5230\u4ef7\u683c\u65f6\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0e\u5176\u7a00\u6709\u6027\u6709\u5173\u2014\u2014\u5546\u54c1\u503c\u591a\u5c11\u94b1\uff0c\u548c\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u62e5\u6709\u5b83\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u662f\u201c\u66ff\u4ee3\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff08substitution effect\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u62ff\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u662f\u201c\u6536\u5165\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff08income effect\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u6536\u5165\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u529b\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u6837\u6bcf\u6837\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u4e70\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u4e70\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6216\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5c11\u4e70\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u67d0\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u7545\u9500\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u4eec\u6d88\u8d39\u66f4\u591a\u9e21\u8089\u3001\u9c7c\u8089\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5c11\u5403\u725b\u8089\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u6570\u91cf\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u9020\u6210\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u8003\u8651\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff1b\u4ece\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4f4d\u79fb\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u65b0\u7684\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u65b0\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u6570\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u4e0e\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u662f\u5e73\u8861\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u611f\u5230\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u4e70\u5bb6\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u4e70\u8d35\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u800c\u5356\u5bb6\u603b\u4f1a\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5c45\u7136\u5356\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e48\u4fbf\u5b9c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">04 \u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6240\u53d6\u820d<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u6ee1\u610f\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6291\u5236\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8feb\u4f7f\u5356\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u91cf\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u79cd\u89c4\u907f\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u9650\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6613\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ef7\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fa8\u8bc6\u51fa\u5230\u5e95\u8c01\u624d\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u591a\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0b\u9650\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9650\uff0c\u5728\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u6700\u503e\u5411\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6240\u53d6\u820d\uff0c\u800c\u653f\u5ba2\u5e38\u559c\u6b22\u9690\u7792\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6210\u672c\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0b\u9650\u4e0e\u4e0a\u9650\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u96f6\u6210\u672c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u652f\u51fa\u6216\u51cf\u7a0e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u7ba1\u5236\u4f1a\u63a9\u76d6\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fd8\u4fe1\u5949\u8981\u628a\u6240\u6709\u6210\u672c\u7eb3\u5165\u8003\u8651\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4e0d\u5355\u662f\u9884\u7b97\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u8003\u8651\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">05 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class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u8ffd\u6839\u7a76\u5e95\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u85aa\u8d44\u53ca\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4f60\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u5b9a\u51fa\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">07 \u6298\u73b0\u503c\u662f\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u672a\u6765\u8fd8\u6b3e\u6240\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u4f60\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fd9\u7b14\u8d37\u6b3e\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5229\u7528\u6298\u73b0\u503c\uff08present discounted value\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u628a\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6210\u672c\u6216\u6548\u76ca\u62ff\u6765\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u672a\u6765\u6240\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u6b3e\u9879\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u4f1a\u503c\u591a\u5c11\u94b1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6298\u73b0\u503c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5927\u91cf\u7528\u4e8e\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0e\u91d1\u878d\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u601d\u8003\u76ee\u524d\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u5382\u623f\u4e0e\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u548c\u672a\u6765\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u5907\u751f\u4ea7\u4e1c\u897f\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u505a\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5047\u8bbe\u67d0\u516c\u53f8\u76d6\u65b0\u5de5\u5382\u8981\u82b1200\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b975\u5e74\u540e\u53ef\u8d5a300\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u30025\u5e74\u540e\u7684300\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u9700\u8981\u6298\u4e3a\u73b0\u503c\uff0c\u6765\u548c\u5382\u5546\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u8003\u8651\u652f\u51fa\u7684200\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">08 \u4eba\u4e00\u751f\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5173\u952e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2a\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\uff1a<strong>\u8bc4\u4f30\u6295\u8d44\u6807\u7684\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u8861\u91cf\u56db\u4e2a\u8981\u9879\uff1a\u62a5\u916c\u7387\u3001\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u7a0e\u8d1f\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u50a8\u84c4\u4e0e\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d44\u91d1\u7ed9\u8d44\u672c\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u592a\u591a\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7d2f\u79ef\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4eba\u4e00\u751f\u7d2f\u79ef\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u590d\u5229\uff08compound interest\uff09\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u62c9\u957f\uff0c\u590d\u5229\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u50a8\u84c4\u5e26\u6765\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u53ef\u89c2\u62a5\u916c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8001\u5b9e\u8bf4\uff0c15%\u7684\u62a5\u916c\u7387\u662f\u8fc7\u9ad8\u4e86\uff0c\u4f4640\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5212\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u751f\u6daf\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\uff0825\uff5e65\u5c81\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u80fd\u4ece25\u5c81\u621630\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u5b585000\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u7b49\u4f60\u9000\u4f11\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7100\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u50a8\u84c4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5feb\u901f\u81f4\u5bcc\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d5e\u53f9\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u5207\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u4ee5\u7761\u7720\u5b89\u7a33\u91cf\u8868\u6765\u53cd\u6620\u98ce\u9669\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u628a\u94b1\u6295\u5165\u8fd9\u9879\u91d1\u878d\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4f60\u665a\u4e0a\u7761\u5f97\u5b89\u7a33\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u84dd\u7b79\u80a1\uff08blue chip stocks\uff09\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5927\u578b\u3001\u77e5\u540d\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u80a1\u7968\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u901a\u7528\u7535\u6c14\u3001\u6c83\u5c14\u739b\u3001\u7f8e\u5b5a\u7b49\u516c\u53f8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f60\u80fd\u7528\u591a\u5c11\u65f6\u95f4\u6295\u8d44\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u4e2a\u4eba\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u771f\u76f8\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4f53\u9002\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8003\u8651\u4f60\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5212\uff0c\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002<\/strong>\u77ed\u671f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u80a1\u5e02\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u89c6\u4e3a\u957f\u671f\u50a8\u84c4\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u9000\u4f11\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u884c\u60c5\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4e92\u76f8\u62b5\u6d88\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u8010\u5fc3\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u662f\u8981\u7528\u6765\u91c7\u4e70\u672c\u5468\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u6742\u8d27\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8d37\u6b3e\u3001\u4e0b\u5b66\u671f\u7684\u5b66\u8d39\u7740\u60f3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u592a\u591a\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4f60\u82e5\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u94b1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u522b\u5962\u671b\u9ad8\u62a5\u916c\u7387\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u89c4\u5212\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8ba1\u5212\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\u4e70\u65b0\u8f66\u6216\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u80a1\u5e02\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u5fcd\u53d7\u6bd4\u5b58\u94f6\u884c\u9ad8\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u503a\u5238\u4e0e\u5b9a\u671f\u5b58\u6b3e\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f60\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u662f\u4f60\u5bf9\u98ce\u9669\u627f\u53d7\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u5fe0\u544a\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u5b58\u4e9b\u94b1\uff0c\u8d8a\u65e9\u5f00\u59cb\u8d8a\u597d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">09 \u5784\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u5bf9\u52e4\u52b3\u8005\u8bfe\u7a0e<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5e0c\u514b\u65af\u7235\u58eb\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u6700\u5927\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8c08\u4f01\u4e1a\u5982\u4f55\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u82b1\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u63a2\u8ba8\u201c\u4f01\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u89c4\u6a21\u4ece\u4e00\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u5230\u8d85\u5927\u578b\u516c\u53f8\u90fd\u6709\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u6240\u6709\u6743\u53ef\u5206\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u72ec\u8d44\uff08proprietorship\uff09\u662f\u7531\u5355\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u6709\uff1b\u5408\u4f19\uff08partnership\uff09\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u6240\u6709\uff1b\u516c\u53f8\uff08corporation\uff09\u5219\u662f\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u5176\u6301\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u4e00\u4eba\u6216\u4e00\u7fa4\u80a1\u4e1c\u6240\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4efb\u4f55\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u4efb\u4f55\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e0b\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e00\u6761\u5149\u8c31\u4e0a\uff1a\u4e00\u7aef\u662f\u201c\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\uff08perfect competition\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u5236\u9020\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u662f\u201c\u5784\u65ad\u201d\uff08monopoly\uff09\uff0c\u5355\u4e00\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5e02\u573a\u51e0\u4e4e\u62e5\u6709\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u8425\u6536\uff1b\u4ecb\u4e8e\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5784\u65ad\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\uff08monopolistic competition\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u5f88\u591a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e89\u76f8\u9500\u552e\u7a0d\u5fae\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6bcf\u5bb6\u9910\u5385\u90fd\u5356\u98df\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5404\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u4e0e\u8d28\u91cf\uff1b\u6700\u540e\u662f\u201c\u5be1\u5934\u5784\u65ad\u201d\uff08oligopoly\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u70b9\u63a5\u8fd1\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u4e00\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u56ca\u62ec\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u8425\u6536\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5e02\u573a\u62e5\u6709\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6216\u5168\u90e8\u8425\u6536\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4ef7\u683c\u63a5\u53d7\uff08price taking\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u5e02\u573a\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u5382\u5546\u522b\u65e0\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u66ff\u4ee3\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14 13\uff08John Stuart Mill\uff09\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u5784\u65ad\u3002\u5784\u65ad\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u52e4\u52b3\u8005\u8bfe\u7a0e\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a0\u593a\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u61d2\u60f0\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10 \u662f\u5927\u6c60\u5858\u91cc\u7684\u5c0f\u9c7c\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5c0f\u6c60\u5858\u91cc\u7684\u5927\u9c7c<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u5373\u4f7f\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6b22\u7b11\u4f5c\u4e50\uff0c\u540c\u4e1a\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff1b\u5018\u4e00\u65e6\u6709\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u662f\u5bc6\u8c0b\u5bf9\u5927\u4f17\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5171\u8c0b\u6da8\u4ef7\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5408\u5e76\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u5e74\u8425\u4e1a\u989d\u8d85\u8fc71\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5728\u5408\u5e76\u6848\u6210\u7acb\u524d\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u62a5\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f01\u4e1a\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5224\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u5145\u5206\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u8861\u91cf\u7ade\u4e89\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u56db\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5ea6\uff08four-firm concentration ratio\uff09\uff0c\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u8be5\u4ea7\u4e1a\u524d\u56db\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u5360\u6709\u7387\uff08\u7b80\u79f0\u5e02\u5360\u7387\uff09\u52a0\u603b\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u6700\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u53ea\u6709\u56db\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u5bb6\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5e02\u5360\u7387\u52a0\u603b\u8d77\u6765\u662f100%\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u56db\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5ea6\u662f100\u3002\u56db\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u56db\u5927\u4f01\u4e1a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5ea6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u582a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u6709\u65f6\u4e0d\u591f\u7cbe\u7ec6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d6b\u82ac\u8fbe\u5c14-\u8d6b\u5e0c\u6307\u6570\uff08Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, HHI\uff0c\u6216\u79f0\u8d6b\u6c0f\u6307\u6570\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11 \u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u6cd5\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u9664\u7ba1\u5236<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ba1\u5236\u4e0e\u89e3\u9664\u7ba1\u5236\uff1a\u82e5\u80fd\u5c0a\u91cd\u6fc0\u52b1\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u7ba1\u5236\u624b\u6bb5\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u6613\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8bd5\u7740\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u6709\u56db\u5bb6\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u57ce\u91cc\u6bcf\u680b\u5efa\u7b51\u7269\u5730\u5e95\u4e0b\u6709\u56db\u7ec4\u6c34\u7ba1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u5404\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u8d56\u67d0\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u5174\u5efa\u6574\u4f53\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u6210\u672c\u662f\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7ecf\u8425\u7684\u6210\u672c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u7ba1\u5236\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5229\u6da6\u53ca\u5176\u5458\u5de5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u65f6\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u6cd5\u90fd\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u7ba1\u5236\u4fd8\u864f\u201d\uff08regulatory capture\uff09\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u7ba1\u5236\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u75c7\u5019\u7fa4\uff08Stockholm Syndrome\uff09\u2014\u2014\u540c\u60c5\u53d7\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u5382\u5546\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5176\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u8499\u853d\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u89e3\u9664\u7ba1\u5236\uff08deregulation\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9f13\u52b1\u521b\u65b0\u4e0e\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5e76\u60e0\u53ca\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u6cfe\u6e2d\u5206\u660e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u65e0\u6cd5\u826f\u597d\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u626e\u6f14\u6709\u7528\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4ef2\u88c1\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u4e0e\u5176\u91c7\u53d6\u6781\u7aef\u8d5e\u6210\u6216\u53cd\u5bf9\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u66f4\u660e\u667a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5e94\u662f\u89c1\u62db\u62c6\u62db\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12 \u4e3b\u5f20\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u96f6\u6c61\u67d3\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\u7684?<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">13 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class=\"wp-block-heading\">14 \u7f34\u7a0e\u662f\u7528\u5f3a\u8feb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u514b\u670d\u642d\u4fbf\u8f66\u95ee\u9898<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\uff1a\u987a\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u521b\u9020\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u5f81\u7a0e\u6765\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\"><strong>\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\uff08nonrivalrous\uff09\u4e0e\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\uff08nonexcludable\uff09\u3002\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u662f\u6307\u5546\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u800c\u53d8\u5c11\u3002<\/strong><strong>\u975e\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u662f\u6307\u5356\u5bb6\u65e0\u6cd5\u6392\u9664\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u4ed8\u94b1\u4e5f\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u521b\u610f\uff09\u662f\u975e\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5982\u540c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u6590\u900a\uff08Thomas 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GDP\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u901a\u80c0\u8c03\u6574\u540e\u7684GDP\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff0c\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7edf\u8ba1\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u4e70\u5356\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u65e0\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0cGDP\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u6210\u54c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u6295\u5165\u5236\u9020\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6295\u5165\u5236\u9020\u6c7d\u8f66\u7684\u94a2\u6750\u3001\u6295\u5165\u5236\u9020\u6905\u5b50\u7684\u6728\u6750\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u6709\u5176\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u4f46GDP\u5bf9\u8861\u91cf\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u6765\u8bf4\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4eba\u5747GDP\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u6709\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>GDP\u5448\u73b0\u660e\u663e\u4e14\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4e0b\u6ed1\uff0c\u5c31\u53eb\u4f5c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\uff08recession\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cGDP\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u6ed1\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b63\u5ea6\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u8870\u9000\uff08lasting downturn\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u56f4\u5e76\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u548c\u7ec8\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u54ea\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u5c40\uff08NBER\uff09\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u975e\u8425\u5229\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">20 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u89c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff1f<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff1a\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u89c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u66f4\u751a\u4e8e\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u53d8\u5f97\u6bd4\u522b\u4eba\u5bcc\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u590d\u5229\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5e74\u589e\u957f\u7387\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ea\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u767e\u5206\u70b9\u7684\u5fae\u5c0f\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u4f1a\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u957f\u671f\u589e\u957f\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5de5\u65f6\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6bcf\u4f4d\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u4ea7\u51fa\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u9a71\u52a8\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\uff1a\u5b9e\u7269\u8d44\u672c\u589e\u52a0\uff08\u610f\u5373\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u8bbe\u5907\u8ba9\u5458\u5de5\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\u3001\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u8d44\u672c\uff08\u610f\u5373\u5458\u5de5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6216\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6280\u672f\uff08\u610f\u5373\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff09\u3002\u5b9e\u52a1\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u4f1a\u4e00\u8d77\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">21 \u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\uff0c\u85aa\u8d44\u5f88\u5c11\u4f1a\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u52b3\u52a8\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u4e1a\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u7531\u52b3\u5de5\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u6bcf\u6708\u8c03\u67e5\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e14\u6b63\u5728\u627e\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u88ab\u5f52\u4e3a\u201c\u975e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u201d\uff08out of the labor force\uff09\u3002\u5927\u7ea61\/3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u76ee\u524d\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u975e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u67d0\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u4ee5\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u85aa\u8d44\u884c\u60c5\u6765\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u7b97\u5931\u4e1a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u662f\u6307\u85aa\u8d44\u56e0\u67d0\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\u50f5\u56fa\u5728\u5747\u8861\u70b9\u4e0a\u65b9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u8d85\u8fc7\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5931\u4e1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7c7b\u522b\u662f\u5468\u671f\u6027\u5931\u4e1a\uff0c\u201c\u5468\u671f\u201d\u662f\u6307\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ece\u8c37\u5e95\u5230\u5cf0\u9876\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5468\u671f\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4f01\u4e1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fbe\u6210\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4e1a\u7ee9\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u4f4f\u539f\u672c\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u524a\u51cf\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u96c7\u7528\u6216\u964d\u4f4e\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u9700\u6c42\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u957f\u671f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5de5\u8d44\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u5728\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u5458\u5de5\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6295\u8d44\u3001\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5b9e\u7269\u8d44\u672c\u8bbe\u5907\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u660e\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u82e5\u80fd\u628a\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u8fbe\u6210\u4f7f\u52b3\u5de5\u5de5\u4f5c\u597d\u4e14\u85aa\u8d44\u4f73\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">22 \u901a\u80c0\u7387\u8d70\u9ad8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u987a\u7545<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4efb\u4e00\u5546\u54c1\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5168\u9762\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8861\u91cf\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7bee\u5b50\u91cc\u6240\u9009\u53d6\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4ef7\u683c\u6307\u6570\uff08Consumer Price Index, CPI\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u901a\u80c0\u8861\u91cf\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u5b83\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u6839\u636e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u652f\u51fa\u8c03\u67e5\uff08\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u5bb6\u5ead\u5b9e\u9645\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u800c\u5f97\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6307\u6807\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u4ef7\u683c\u6307\u6570\uff08Producer Price Index, PPI\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6839\u636e\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u8d2d\u4e70\u7684\u4e00\u7bee\u5b50\u5546\u54c1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u94a2\u6750\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u6599\u6216\u8bbe\u5907\uff09\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\u662f\u6279\u53d1\u4ef7\u683c\u6307\u6570\uff08Wholesale Price Index, WPI\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u662f\u96f6\u552e\u5546\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u6279\u53d1\u4ef7\u683c\u3002GDP\u5e73\u51cf\u6307\u6570\uff08GDP Deflator\uff09\u5219\u5305\u62ecGDP\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u80c0\u4e0d\u662f\u6d2a\u6c34\u731b\u517d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u8d70\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e0d\u987a\u7545\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f01\u4e1a\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u957f\u671f\u589e\u957f\u5c06\u51fa\u73b0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u7684\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u8fbe\u523020%\uff0c\u751a\u81f340%\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff0c\u79f0\u4f5c\u6076\u6027\u901a\u80c0\uff08hyperinflation\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9ad8\u6536\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u7a33\u5b9a\u7ef4\u6301\u57282%\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u591f\u4f4e\uff0c\u53ef\u63d0\u4f9b\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u7f13\u51b2\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">23 \u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u601d\u662f\u501f\u94b1\u7ed9\u56fd\u5916<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u8d38\u6613\u4f59\u989d\u4e2d\uff0c\u987a\u5dee\u4ee3\u8868\u91d1\u94b1\u6d41\u5165\u8be5\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u9006\u5dee\u4ee3\u8868\u91d1\u94b1\u6d41\u51fa\u8be5\u56fd\u3002\u5f53\u6d41\u51fa\u91d1\u989d\u7b49\u4e8e\u6d41\u5165\u91d1\u989d\u65f6\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u8d26\u6237\u4f59\u989d\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8d38\u6613\u5dee\u989d\uff09\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u4e0e\u9006\u5dee\uff0c\u8c08\u7684\u662f\u91d1\u94b1\u7684\u6d41\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5411\u54ea\u8fb9\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u672a\u6765\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u6765\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\uff0c\u5411\u56fd\u5916\u501f\u94b1\u786e\u6709\u5176\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u65e0\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u5411\u56fd\u5916\u501f\u94b1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u7cdf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u501f\u6b3e\u540e\u7684\u6311\u6218\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8fd0\u7528\u8fd9\u7b14\u501f\u6765\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4ea7\u751f\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6548\u76ca\u6216\u56de\u62a5\u4ee5\u507f\u8fd8\u8d37\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">24 \u77ed\u671f\u770b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u770b\u4f9b\u7ed9<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u5bf9\u6574\u4f53\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u4e8e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u5236\u5b9a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8ffd\u6c42\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76ee\u6807\uff08\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1a\u3001\u7269\u4ef7\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u6536\u652f\u5e73\u8861\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u6df7\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6f5c\u5728GDP\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5145\u5206\u5c31\u4e1aGDP\u201d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u673a\u5668\u90fd\u88ab\u5145\u5206\u8fd0\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff08Say&#8217;s Law\uff09\u662f\u4ee519\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u671f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9-\u5df4\u8482\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8428\u4f0a\uff08Jean-Baptiste Say\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u6765\u547d\u540d\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u4f9b\u7ed9\u521b\u9020\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u201d\uff08supply creates its own demand\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7b80\u5316\u4e86\u8428\u4f0a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u7b97\u6613\u8bfb\u6613\u61c2\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6bcf\u5f53\u5546\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u9500\u552e\u65f6\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u67d0\u4eba\u8d5a\u5230\u4e86\u94b1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5382\u5546\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u94fe\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9b\u8d27\u5546\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5fc5\u5b9a\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u67d0\u5904\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u7b49\u503c\u7684\u6536\u5165\u53ca\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u652f\u6301\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u6d3e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u53ca\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u6d3e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6311\u6218\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u65f6\uff0c\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u8fdc\u591a\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4f9b\u7ed9\u80fd\u521b\u9020\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7d27\u7f29\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6cd5\u5219\uff08Keynes\u2019s Law\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4ee520\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6885\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u51ef\u6069\u65af\uff08John Maynard Keynes\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u9700\u6c42\u521b\u9020\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4f9b\u7ed9\u201d\uff08demand creates its own supply\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c97\u7565\u4f46\u6709\u7528\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u770b\u91cd\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u770b\u91cd\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6cd5\u5219\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u3001\u52a1\u5b9e\u7684\u6298\u4e2d\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u77ed\u671f\u653f\u7b56\u66f4\u6709\u5173\u8054\uff1b\u800c\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5de5\u4eba\u6570\u91cf\u3001\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u5b9e\u7269\u8d44\u672c\u6295\u8d44\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u4ea7\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56e0\u7d20\u4e92\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u73af\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u8c03\u6574\u4ef7\u683c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f01\u4e1a\u5728\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u63aa\u65bd\u524d\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5e02\u573a\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u7ade\u4e89\u6001\u52bf\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u6210\u672c\u3002\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e5f\u60f3\u907f\u514d\u56e0\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u52a8\u800c\u56f0\u6270\u6216\u6fc0\u6012\u5ba2\u6237\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u52a8\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u83dc\u5355\u6210\u672c\uff08menu cost\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0f\u5fc3\u89c4\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u5bf9\u77ed\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u5bf9\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6bd4\u8f83\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7559\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u8fde\u63a5\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1f\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u65b9\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u8854\u63a5\u8428\u4f0a\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e0e\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u7f3a\u53e3\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">25 \u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u77ed\u671f\u73b0\u8c61<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0e\u901a\u80c0\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8003\u8651\u5230\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9884\u671f\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u9ad8\u5931\u4e1a\u4f4e\u901a\u80c0\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u4f4e\u5931\u4e1a\u9ad8\u901a\u80c0\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u79f0\u4f5c\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08Phillips Curve\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u65af\uff08William Phillips\uff09\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u7387\u5148\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c31\u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u91cd\u70b9\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\uff1a\u957f\u671f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u603b\u4f1a\u56de\u590d\u5230\u6f5c\u5728GDP\u53ca\u81ea\u7136\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u6709\u529b\u5730\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\u4e0e\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u4ece\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u5931\u4e1a\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u662f\u9ad8\u8fd8\u662f\u4f4e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u503c\u5f97\u82b1\u4e00\u70b9\u65f6\u95f4\u601d\u8003\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\u63d0\u51fa\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u806a\u660e\u4e0e\u5927\u80c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8df3\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e13\u4e1a\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u901a\u80c0\u4e0e\u5931\u4e1a\u4e0d\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u53d6\u820d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u50cf\u662f\u5f80\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u79fb\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4ece\u77ed\u671f\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u597d\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u6bd4\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8bba\u70b9\u90fd\u597d\u3002\u4ece\u975e\u5e38\u957f\u671f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6700\u9002\u5408\u7528\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u6765\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5206\u5fc3\u53bb\u6ce8\u610f\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002\u800c\u4ece5\uff5e10\u5e74\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-vivid-red-color\">\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u5e94\u517c\u987e\u77ed\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6ce2\u52a8\u4e0e\u957f\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">26 \u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u94b1\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u82b1\u7684\uff1f<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d22\u653f\u653f\u7b56\uff08fiscal 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class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>M1\u8d27\u5e01\u5305\u62ec\u901a\u8d27\uff08\u786c\u5e01\u4e0e\u949e\u7968\uff09\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u652f\u7968\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u652f\u7968\u8d26\u6237\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fdM1\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u603b\u91d1\u989d\u5927\u7ea6\u662f1.7\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea6\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u901a\u8d27\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u662f\u652f\u7968\u8d26\u6237\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u65c5\u884c\u652f\u7968\u3002<\/li><li>M2\u662f\u66f4\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u662f\u7531M1\u52a0\u4e0a\u50a8\u84c4\u8d26\u6237\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u50a8\u84c4\u8d26\u6237\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u94f6\u884c\u6d3b\u671f\u5b58\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u652f\u7968\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u52a8\u63d0\u6b3e\u673a\u6216\u94f6\u884c\uff09\u8f7b\u6613\u5b58\u53d6\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u3002M2\u8d27\u5e01\u5305\u62ec\u8d27\u5e01\u5e02\u573a\u57fa\u91d1\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u6781\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u989d\uff08\u4f4e\u4e8e10\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff09\u5b9a\u671f\u5b58\u6b3e\uff08CD\uff09\u3002\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u53d6\u5e76\u82b1\u8d39M2\u91cc\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u4f46\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u627e\u5230\u63d0\u6b3e\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u624b\u7eed\u8d39\uff0c\u800cM1\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u624b\u652f\u7528\u30022009\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fdM2\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u603b\u91d1\u989d\u662f8.5\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ecM1\u76841.7\u4e07\u4ebf\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8d27\uff08\u786c\u5e01\u4e0e\u949e\u7968\uff09\u53ea\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u901a\u8d27\u53ea\u662fM1\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3001M2\u76841\/10\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u8981\u8c08\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u53ea\u60f3\u5230\u949e\u7968\u4e0e\u786c\u5e01\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u60f3\u7684\u662f\u94f6\u884c\u8d26\u6237\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4fe1\u7528\u5361\u4e0e\u501f\u8bb0\u5361\u662f\u4ed8\u6b3e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">30 \u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u65e2\u6709\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u4e0e\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u5185\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff1a\u6cd5\u5b9a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\uff08reserve requirement\uff09\u3001\u8d34\u73b0\u7387\uff08discount rate\uff09\u3001\u516c\u5f00\u5e02\u573a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08open market operation\uff09\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e02007\uff5e2009\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u79f0\u4f5c\u91cf\u5316\u5bbd\u677e\uff08quantitative easing\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6cd5\u5b9a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u662f\u94f6\u884c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8d37\u653e\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\u6bd4\u7387\u3002\u6bcf\u5bb6\u94f6\u884c\u90fd\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u50a8\u5907\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b58\u6b3e\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u5b58\u5165\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2008\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u5e02\u573a\u64cd\u4f5c\u5411\u6765\u662f\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u516c\u5f00\u5e02\u573a\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u8d2d\u4e70\u6216\u9500\u552e\u503a\u5238\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u91cf\u5316\u5bbd\u677e\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u8bba\uff0c2008\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u653e\u6b3e\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u521b\u9020\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u8054\u50a8\u60f3\u8ba9\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u964d\u4f4e\u6cd5\u5b9a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u7387\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u518d\u8d34\u73b0\u7387\uff0c\u5411\u94f6\u884c\u8d2d\u4e70\u503a\u5238\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e0e\u501f\u6b3e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u8bc1\u5238\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u4e3a\u6269\u5f20\u6027\uff08\u6216\u5bbd\u677e\uff09\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5229\u7387\u5e76\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653e\u6b3e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u8054\u50a8\u60f3\u8981\u964d\u4f4e\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u6291\u5236\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u7ed3\u5408\u4e00\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u5236\u5b9a\u6536\u7f29\u6027\uff08\u6216\u7d27\u7f29\uff09\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\uff1a\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u518d\u8d34\u73b0\u7387\uff0c\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u6cd5\u5b9a\u51c6\u5907\u91d1\u7387\uff0c\u628a\u503a\u5238\u5356\u7ed9\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u628a\u6301\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u5238\u5356\u56de\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8d27\u5e01\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7d27\u7f29\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5229\u7387\u4e14\u6291\u5236\u653e\u6b3e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u603b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4e0e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u603b\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u9650\u5236\u603b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">31 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interest rate\uff09\u7b49\u4e8e\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\uff08nominal interest rate\uff09\u51cf\u53bb\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u3002\u5982\u679c\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\u662f7%\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u662f3%\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u8981\u4ed84%\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u60f3\u8c61\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\u662f7%\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u7f29\u7387\u662f2%\uff08\u610f\u5373\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u662f-2%\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u7387\u5176\u5b9e\u662f9%\uff0c\u6bd4\u540d\u4e49\u5229\u7387\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u9884\u8b66\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u4f7f\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5229\u606f\u53d8\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u91cf\u653e\u6b3e\u6536\u4e0d\u56de\u6765\u3002\u94f6\u884c\u9762\u5bf9\u610f\u5916\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u8f83\u65e0\u80fd\u529b\u4e14\u8f83\u65e0\u610f\u613f\u627f\u62c5\u65b0\u653e\u6b3e\u3002\u8d27\u5e01\u4e0e\u4fe1\u7528\u521b\u9020\u5f00\u59cb\u6536\u7f29\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5b8f\u89c2\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9700\u6c42\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d8\u6210\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u5f15\u8d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u540e\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u653f\u7b56\u5c06\u96be\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u592e\u94f6\u884c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u9632\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u592e\u884c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u8ba9\u901a\u80c0\u7387\u4fdd\u6301\u57282%\u4e0a\u4e0b\u800c\u975e\u96f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f13\u51b2\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u7d27\u7f29\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9996\u5148\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6ce1\u6cab\u201d\uff08bubble\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u5f53\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u5546\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6295\u8d44\u4eba\u671f\u671b\u4ef7\u683c\u6301\u7eed\u4e0a\u6da8\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce1\u6cab\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce1\u6cab\u6b63\u5728\u5f62\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">32 \u4e0d\u7528\u6269\u5927\u8d38\u6613\u5c31\u5f88\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6839\u672c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p>\u76f8\u4f3c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u754c\u8d38\u6613\u4f1a\u7ed9\u56fd\u5185\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u66f4\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u7ade\u4e89\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f4e\u4ef7\u548c\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6269\u5927\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u826f\u597d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5728\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6269\u5927\u8d38\u6613\u5c31\u5f88\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6839\u672c\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">33 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href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/22084816\">https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/22084816<\/a><\/li><li>\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u6211\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u7740\u5408\u7406\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\uff1f<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/34406872\">https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/34406872<\/a><\/li><li>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5165\u95e8\u5fc5\u8bfb\u4e66\u7c4d\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u503c\u5f97\u63a8\u8350\uff1f<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/19661829\">https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/19661829<\/a><\/li><li>\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u9002\u5408\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bfb\u7269\uff1f<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/40149418\">https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/40149418<\/a><\/li><li>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e38\u8bc6<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/topic\/19656289\/top-answers\">https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/topic\/19656289\/top-answers<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>=END=<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>=Start= \u7f18\u7531\uff1a \u6574\u7406\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u524d\u770b\u8fc7\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\u300a\u65af\u5766\u798f\u6781\u7b80\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u9694\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u518d\u6574\u7406\u4e00\u904d\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f3a\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c 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