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缘由：

没钱租高性能的VPS……

搜索关键字：

• lxml Compile failed: command ‘gcc’ failed with exit status 4
• lxml error: command ‘gcc’ failed with exit status 4

参考解答：

用swap交换分区「扩展」内存容量。

#常规安装方法(失败)
➜  ~ sudo /usr/local/bin/pip install lxml
……
  gcc: 编译器内部错误：已杀死(程序 cc1)
  Compile failed: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 4
  error: command 'gcc' failed with exit status 4
……

#查看内存情况
➜  ~ free -m

#增加编译选项(有时可行，比如在512m的Ubuntu 12.04/14.04)
➜  ~ CFLAGS="-O0" sudo /usr/local/bin/pip install lxml

#查看是否由 OutOfMemory 的错误所导致
➜  ~ dmesg | tail
➜  ~ sudo cat /var/log/messages | grep -B1 "Killed"

#查看磁盘使用情况
➜  ~ df -h

#用多余的磁盘空间创建swap文件以"提升"内存容量
➜  ~ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=500000

➜  ~ sudo mkswap /swapfile
➜  ~ sudo chown root:root /swapfile
➜  ~ sudo chmod 0600 /swapfile

➜  ~ sudo swapon /swapfile

#查看"提升"后的效果
➜  ~ free -m
➜  ~ swapon -s

#重新用PIP安装lxml
➜  ~ CFLAGS="-O0" sudo /usr/local/bin/pip install lxml

&

#!/bin/bash
# set -x
set -e
export PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin/:/usr/local/sbin

#查看磁盘和swap的使用情况
date && df -h
date && free -m
swapon -s

#用多余的磁盘空间创建swap文件以"提升"内存容量
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=500000
sudo mkswap /swapfile
sudo chown root:root /swapfile
sudo chmod 0600 /swapfile
sudo swapon /swapfile

#查看"提升"后的效果
date && df -h
date && free -m
swapon -s

#将配置写入fstab文件，使重启后依然生效
echo "/swapfile	swap	swap	defaults	0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

参考链接：

• https://www.wordspeak.org/posts/resolving-build-errors-with-python-lxml.html
• http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18334366/out-of-memory-issue-in-installing-packages-on-ubuntu-server
• https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-ubuntu-14-04
• https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-add-swap-on-centos-6
• http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16149613/installing-lxml-with-pip-in-virtualenv-ubuntu-12-10-error-command-gcc-failed
• http://lxml.de/installation.html
• http://www.cnblogs.com/LubinLew/p/Linux_SwapSpace.html

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