Injection flaws, such as SQL, OS, and LDAP injection occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.（注入攻击漏洞，例如：SQL、OS以及LDAP注入。这些攻击发生在当不可信的数据作为命令或者查询语句的一部分，被发送给解释器的时候。攻击者发送的恶意数据可以欺骗解释器，以执行计划外的命令或者在未被恰当授权时访问数据。）

Application functions related to authentication and session management are often not implemented correctly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users’ identities.{与身份认证和会话管理相关的应用程序功能往往得不到正确的实现，这就导致了攻击者破坏密码、密钥、会话令牌或攻击其他的漏洞去冒充其他用户的身份。{使身份伪造成为可能}}

XSS flaws occur whenever an application takes untrusted data and sends it to a web browser without proper validation or escaping. XSS allows attackers to execute scripts in the victim’s browser which can hijack user sessions, deface web sites, or redirect the user to malicious sites.{当应用程序接收到含有不可信的数据，在没有进行适当的验证和转义的情况下，就将它发送给一个网页浏览器，这就会产生跨站脚本攻击(XSS)。XSS允许攻击者在受害者的浏览器上执行脚本，从而劫持用户会话、危害网站、或者将用户转至恶意网站。}

A direct object reference occurs when a developer exposes a reference to an internal implementation object, such as a file, directory, or database key. Without an access control check or other protection, attackers can manipulate these references to access unauthorized data.{当安全人员暴露一个对内部实现对象的引用时，例如：一个文件、目录或者数据库密钥，就会产生一个不安全的直接对象引用。在没有访问控制检测或其他保护时，攻击者会操控这些引用去访问未授权数据。}（将本来不该被外部知道的文件名or目录名or数据库连接信息暴露了出去，比如在给备份文件起名字时要非常注意！）

Good security requires having a secure configuration defined and deployed for the application, frameworks, application server, web server, database server, and platform. Secure settings should be defined, implemented, and maintained, as defaults are often insecure. Additionally, software should be kept up to date.{好的安全需要对应用程序、框架、应用程序服务器、Web服务器、数据库服务器和平台定义和执行安全配置。由于许多设置的默认值并不是安全的，因此，必须定义、实施和维护这些设置。这包含了对所有的软件保持及时的更新，包括所有应用程序的库文件。}{就比如说那个：cgi.fix_pathinfo默认配置导致的nginx解析漏洞}

Many web applications do not properly protect sensitive data, such as credit cards, tax IDs, and authentication credentials. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data deserves extra protection such as encryption at rest or in transit, as well as special precautions when exchanged with the browser.（许多Web应用程序没有正确保护敏感数据，如信用卡、税务ID和身份验证凭据。攻击者可能会窃取或篡改这些弱保护的数据以进行信用卡诈骗、身份窃取，或者其他犯罪。敏感数据值得额外的保护，比如在存放或在传输过程中的加密，以及在与浏览器交换时进行特殊的预防措施。）

Most web applications verify function level access rights before making that functionality visible in the UI. However, applications need to perform the same access control checks on the server when each function is accessed. If requests are not verified, attackers will be able to forge requests in order to access functionality without proper authorization.{大多数Web应用程序在用户通过权限认证之前是不会将所有的功能全部放在可见的UI上的。但是，应用程序需要在每个功能被访问时在服务器端执行相同的访问控制检查。如果请求没有被验证，攻击者能够伪造请求以在未经适当授权时访问该功能。}{就好比：已登录用户的页面上会出现添加/删除功能的按钮，而未登录用户的页面上只能进行浏览，但如果攻击者自行构造某一功能的数据包没有被检查，则可能会引起权限控制绕过的漏洞}

A CSRF attack forces a logged-on victim’s browser to send a forged HTTP request, including the victim’s session cookie and any other automatically included authentication information, to a vulnerable web application. This allows the attacker to force the victim’s browser to generate requests the vulnerable application thinks are legitimate requests from the victim.{一个跨站请求伪造攻击迫使登录用户的浏览器将伪造的HTTP请求，包括该用户的会话cookie和其它认证信息，发送到一个存在漏洞的Web应用程序。这就允许攻击者迫使用户浏览器向存在漏洞的应用程序发送请求，而这些请求会被应用程序认为是用户的合法请求。}

Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, almost always run with full privileges. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable a range of possible attacks and impacts.{组件，比如：库文件、框架和其他软件模块，几乎总是以全部的权限运行。如果一个带有漏洞的组件被利用，这种攻击可以造成更为严重的数据丢失或服务器接管。应用程序使用带有已知漏洞的组件会破坏应用程序防御系统，并使一系列可能的攻击和影响成为可能。}{例如之前出现的Struts2漏洞和OpenSSL漏洞的影响是极广的！}

Web applications frequently redirect and forward users to other pages and websites, and use untrusted data to determine the destination pages. Without proper validation, attackers can redirect victims to phishing or malware sites, or use forwards to access unauthorized pages.{Web应用程序经常将用户重定向和转发到其他网页和网站，并且利用不可信的数据去判定目的页面。如果没有得到适当的验证，攻击者可以重定向受害用户到钓鱼软件或恶意网站，或者使用转发去访问未授权的页面。}{例如：QQ邮箱在每次点击外部URL的时候都会提示不要轻易输入用户名密码}{还有就是：重置密码的URL在用过了1次之后就应该立即使其失效，否则也会引起一些安全问题}